Drinking and Celebrating, The Klingon Way, Part 3

In today's post, we will examine the gentle art of the toast.

The most famous Klingon toast is

'IwlIj jachjaj

May your blood scream

There are many such toasts, including some traditional ones:-

reH HIvje'lIjDaq 'Iwghargh Datu'jaj	May you always find a bloodworm in your glass.*
QuvlIjDaq yIH tu'be'lu'jaj	May your coordinates be free of tribbles.*
'oy' DaSIQjaj	May you endure the pain.*
qoSlIj DatIvjaj	Happy Birthday* literally, "May you enjoy your birthday"
bInajtaHvIS qeylIS qa' Daghomjaj	May you encounter the spirit of Kahless in your dreams*
jIlajneS ghIj qet jaghmeyjaj	I am honoured to accept. May our enemies run in fear.
bItuHpa' bIHeghjaj	Death before shame.*
bISuvtaHvIS bIHeghjaj	May you die in battle.*
'Iw bIQtIqDaq bIlengjaj	May you travel down the River of Blood.
reH tlhInganpu' taHjaj.	Klingons forever!*
reH tlhIngan wo' taHjaj	Long live the Klingon Empire!*
reH tlhIngan Hol taHjaj	Long live the Klingon language!
SoHDaq qeylIS qa' yInjaj	May the spirit of Kahless dwell within you!*

Key to a Klingon toast is a Type 9 verb suffix you have not encountered before:-

-jaj may

Two elements make up a good toast. First, the verb traditionally ends with the Type 9 -jaj suffix:-

DaSIQjaj	May you endure it
tu'lu'jaj	May it be there
tu'be'lu'jaj	May it not be there
batlh bIHeghjaj	May you die with honour
Daghomjaj	May you encounter it
DaQoyjaj	May you hear it
Dalarghjaj	May you smell it
DaHotjaj	May you feel it
DatIvjaj	May you enjoy it
reH taHjaj	May it last forever / Long may it live

Second, the verb-plus-jaj always comes at the end:-

yIn DaSIQjaj	May you endure life
jaghpu'lIj HochHom Dajeyjaj	May you defeat most of your enemies

The last is a reference to a famous epic poem, lu qang The Fall of Kang, written by the poet G'Trok. One line from the poem reads

So honour the valiant who die 'neath your sword,

But pity the Warrior who slays all his foes.

A noted exception to the second toasting rule is the Oath of Acceptance by a cha'DIch second in a legal battle.

jIlajneS ghIj qet jaghmeyjaj

I am honoured to accept. May our enemies run in fear.

Here, the -jaj suffix actually appears on the end of the noun, and not on the verb at all. The traditional explanation is that this ritual phrase is very, very old, and comes from an older time, under another Emperor, where the rules of grammar were very different to that which they are today, the equivalent of using a set phrase from one of the plays of Shakespeare in his archaic dialect of English such as "This above all: to thine own self be true" - (Hamlet, Act I, Scene III).

Note

Klingon culture is highly ritualised. It is recommended that, for the most part, if you must offer a toast to a Klingon, stick to the set toasts outlined above, marked with an asterisk.

Next: More Klingon beverages and the wide-ranging cultural impact of drinks.

Numerical Suffixes: - DIch and -logh

tlhIngan Hol uses two special suffixes, only found with numbers, to describe first, second, third ... and once, twice, three times ..., and so on.

-DIch ordinal numbers suffix

The numbers wa', cha', wej and so on are called cardinal numbers. Ordinal numbers are numbers describing first, second, third and so on.

wa'	1
cha'	2
wej	3
wa'maH	10
wa'vatlh wa'	101

become

wa'DIch	first
cha'DIch	second
wejDIch	third
wa'maHDIch	tenth
wa'vatlh wa'DIch	hundred and first

-logh repetition suffix

The suffix -logh is used to describe once, twice, three times and so on.

wa'logh	once
cha'logh	twice
wejlogh	three times
wa'maHlogh	ten times
wa'vatlh wa'logh	a hundred and one times

Usage

-DIch:- Ordinal numbers follow the noun.

paw meb wa'DIch	The first guest is arriving
jagh cha'DIch'e' neH DaHoHnIS	You must kill only the second enemy
jagh wa'SanIDDIch vIHoH rIntaH	I have slain my one thousandth enemy
mIw wa'DIch 'oH Dochvam'e'	This is the first step/ (in a procedure)
wej lut 'ay' wejDIch DalaDpu''a'	Have you not read the third part of the story yet?

Note: mIw means step (n) or stage (n) in a procedure; for instance, mIw wa' Step one, mIw wa'DIch The first step.

'ay' means section, part, component, piece (n); 'ay' wa' can mean Part One. In the case of a written book, 'ay' wa' can mean Chapter One, and so on.

Other terms to look for:-

HochHom means most, greater part (n), and 'op means some (n):-

jagh mang HochHom vIjey rIntaH	I have defeated most of the enemy army
paqvam 'ay' neH vIlaD	I have read only a part of this book
paqvam wa' 'ay' neH vIlaD	I have read only one chapter of this book
paqvam 'ay' wa' neH vIlaD	I have read only Chapter One of this book
paqvam 'op vIlaD	I have read some of this book
paqvam HochHom vIlaD	I have read most of this book

-logh:- Numbers which take the -logh suffix are used in a sentence like adverbials.

wa'logh neH jagh yIqIpQo'!	Don't just hit the enemy once!
wejlogh Dochvam vIta'nIS jay!	Three damned times, I've had to do this!

-'e', 'e' and net And Their Usage, Part 1: -'e'

-'e', 'e' and net

The Suffix -'e'

This Type 5 noun suffix is a syntactic marker, modifying the meaning of the noun it is attached to. In this case, the suffix is translated as topic.

From The Klingon Dictionary:-

This suffix emphasizes that the noun to which it is attached is the topic of the sentence. In English, this is frequently accomplished by stressing the noun (saying it emphatically) or by special syntactic constructions.

SuvwI''e' HoHta' tera'ngan

The Terran killed the WARRIOR

(the Terran had intended to kill the warrior, and not the man standing next to him)

SuvwI' HoHta' tera'ngan'e'

The TERRAN killed the warrior

(It was the Terran that had killed the warrior, and not some other suspect)

SuvwI' HoHba'pu' Dol'e'

An ENTITY obviously killed the warrior

(It was obvious that an entity had killed the warrior, and not a Terran)

paqvetlh chIS nIH romuluSngan'e'

The ROMULAN is stealing the white book

(It is the Romulan who is stealing the White Book, rather than the Ferengi)

HaqwI''e' DaH yISam

Find the SURGEON, now!

(Thank you for bringing along the Chief Engineer; now can you get us a surgeon to treat this injured Klingon?)

qatlh puq Soj'e' SoptaH loD

Why is the man eating the CHILD's food?

(What's wrong with the adult food on his own plate?)

Without -'e', there would be no emphasis:-

SuvwI' HoHta' tera'ngan

The Terran killed the warrior

SuvwI' HoHba'ta' Dol

An entity obviously killed the warrior

paqvetlh chIS nIH romuluSngan'e'

The Romulan is stealing the white book

qatlh puq Soj'e' SoptaH loD

Why is the man eating the child's food?

The "A is B" Construction

You've already encountered -'e' many times before, in the constructions

B ghaH A'e' A is a B

B 'oH A'e' A is a B

B chaH A'e' The As are Bs

B bIH A'e' The As are Bs

From The Klingon Dictionary:-

The pronoun always follows the noun.

Similarly, there is no verb corresponding to to be in the sense of "to be at a place." Again, the pronouns are used, followed, where appropriate, by verbal suffixes.

Some examples:-

yuQDaq ghaHtaH	He is on the planet
puchpa'Daq ghaHtaH	She is in the bathroom
jolpa'Daq ghaHtaHbe'	She is not in the transporter room

The book continues:-

In the above examples, the subjects are pronouns. If the subject is a noun, it follows the third-person pronoun (ghaH he/she, 'oH it, chaH they, bIH they) and takes the -'e' topic suffix ...

The examples given are:-

puqpu' chaH qama'pu''e'	The prisoners are children
pa'DajDaq ghaHtaH la''e'	The commander is in his quarters

The Klingon Dictionary then continues:-

These sentences might also be translated As for the prisoners, they are children; As for the commander, he is in his quarters.

Here are some fresh examples:-

verengan Ha'DIbaH ghaH qama''e'	The prisoner is a Ferengi dog
DujDajDaq ghaHtaH la''e'	The commander is on board his ship
'oSwI'ma' ghaH qama'lI''e'	Your prisoner is our Emissary!

Next: The difference between the suffix -'e' and the pronoun 'e'.

Using -chugh In A Sentence

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Using -chugh

The tlhIngan Hol Type 9 verb suffix -chugh if is applied to verbs in the same way as any other suffix. Here's how you use -chugh in a Klingon sentence.

The Klingon Dictionary has this to say about verbs in subordinate clauses (which includes verbs modified by -bogh and -meH, not to mention -chugh):-

Klingon verbs ending in Type 9 suffixes ... always occur in sentences with another verb. Hence, they are verbs in subordinate clauses ... Note that the order of the two parts of the sentence is variable.

The Klingon Dictionary does not have that much else to say about if in a sentence; however, in two major examples, bIjeghbe'chugh vaj bIHegh Surrender or die! and bIje'be'chugh vaj bIHegh Buy or die!, tlhIngan Hol uses another word after the verb marked with -chugh:-

vaj thus, in that case, so, accordingly, then (adverbial)

The adverbial vaj comes after the verb marked with -chugh, and is the then component to the if clause. Some examples follow:-

bIjeghbe'chugh vaj bIHegh	Surrender or die!
bIje'be'chugh vaj bIHegh	Buy or die!
bISuvbe'chugh vaj bIHegh	Fight or die!, and so on
ghIchwIj DaboghmoHchugh ghIchlIj qanob	If you shine my nose, I will hand you your nose (famous Klingon proverb which demonstrates that vaj is not always necessary)
naDev jIQongchugh jIHeghbej	If I sleep here, I shall most certainly die
naDev jIQongchugh jIHeghbej	If I sleep here, I shall most certainly die
DaH jIQongchugh jIHeghbej	If I sleep now, I shall most certainly die
pa' Sojvetlh Soppu'chugh vaj chaq Soj nIHlu'bogh Sojta'	If he ate that food there, he may have eaten stolen food
SutlIj DatuQHa'moHchugh SoHvaD vIloS	If you are taking off your clothes, I will wait for you
SevmeH Surchem Sorghbe'ta'chugh tera'ngan, vaj 'oH Sorghta' 'Iv	If the Terran did not sabotage the containment force field, who did?

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"If" and the Type 9 verb suffix -chugh

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"If" - The -chugh Suffix

tlhIngan Hol has a way of saying if in a sentence: the Type 9 verb suffix -chugh.

Placing -chugh at the end of a verb X turns it into a conditional: if X.

naDev jIQong	I'll sleep here
naDev jIQongchugh	If I sleep here
pa' Sojvetlh Soppu'	He ate that food there
pa' Sojvetlh Soppu'chugh	If he ate that food there
SutlIj DatuQHa'moH	You are taking off your clothes
SutlIj DatuQHa'moHchugh	If you are taking off your clothes

Next: From if to then, and the word vaj.

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Using The Purpose Clause In A Sentence

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The Klingon Dictionary, on section 6.2.4, describes how to use the purpose clause.

If an action is being done in order to accomplish something, or for the purpose of accomplishing something, the verb describing what is to be accomplished ends with the Type 9 suffix -meH, which may be translated for, for the purpose of, in order to.

The purpose clause always precedes the noun or verb whose purpose it is describing ... The second of two identical nouns may be replaced by a pronoun or, if the context is clear, left out altogether.

maQapmeH maSuv	in order to win / so as to succeed
SuyInmeH peSuv; SuSuvmeH peyIn	Live to fight; fight to live!
So'bogh loD nejmeH be' chut bIvta' be'	The woman broke the law to seek the hiding man
So'bogh loD nejmeH chut bIvta'	She broke the law to seek the hiding man
Hub veH wIchermeH wa'DIch naDev wIngIvnIS	We must patrol hereabouts in order to establish a defence perimeter
jaghpu'Daj SuvmeH SuvwI' reH HoS'eghnISmoH SuvwI'	A warrior must always build up his strength in order to fight his enemies
jaghpu'Daj SuvmeH SuvwI' reH HoS'eghnISmoH	A warrior must always build up his strength in order to fight his enemies
HoSchem leHmeH yIntaghvo' HoS ngIpnISta' jonwI''a'	The Chief Engineer had to draw power from life support in order to maintain the force field

Of course, -meH turns up in one of the most famous Klingon sayings:-

Heghlu'meH QaQ jajvam

It is a good day to die

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The Purpose Clause: -meH

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(Edit: This is the 100th post to this blog.)

The Purpose Clause

Klingon uses another Type 9 verb suffix to mark another kind of clause: the purpose clause, or so as to or in order to. This is the suffix -meH.

-meH purpose clause marker

This suffix is used when you want to say that you are doing something in order to or so as to achieve something else. Sometimes you don't need the "in order" part in English - but -meH is always mandatory in tlhIngan Hol.

Qap	win, function, succeed
QapmeH	in order to win / so as to succeed
jagh luHoH	they kill the enemy
jagh luHoHmeH	(in order for them) to kill the enemy
So'bogh loD nej	she seeks the hiding man
So'bogh loD nejmeH	(in order) to seek the hiding man
chaw'	allow, permit
chaw'meH	in order to allow
cher	establish, set up
chermeH	in order to establish
Suv	fight
SuvmeH	in order to fight
leH	maintain
leHmeH	so as to maintain
Dub	improve
DubmeH	in order to improve
ghoch	track down
ghochmeH	so as to track down

Next time: Using -meH in a sentence.

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"Which:" the Verb Suffix -bogh

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When you need to say something along the lines of The book that you are reading, The weapon which you prefer or The place where the alien slept, you are using what is known as a relative clause: a clause beginning with who, which, where or that.

These kinds of clauses require the Type 9 verb suffix -bogh.

-bogh Which

The relative-clause marker is used to modify a verb, which is then attached to a noun and modifies it in the manner of an adjective. The noun which is modified in the relative clause is known as the head noun.

The head noun can come before or after the verb in the relative clause, depending on whether the head noun is in the position of being an instigator of the activity (where it would appear after the modifying verb as a subject), or the recipient of the activity (where it appears before the modifying verb as an object).

Examples of an active head noun:

taDmoHbogh taS	A freezing solution/ (a solution which causes freezing)
So'taHbogh ghoqwI'	A spy who is hiding
He'So'bogh naH	A fruit that stinks
qetbogh loD	A running man
baHtaHbogh Dujmey	The ships that are firing
bejchu'bogh 'avwI'	The watchful guard/ (the guard who watches perfectly)

The verb can take on other kinds of suffixes, but one of the commonest is the Type 5 suffix -lu' indefinite subject, conveying the meaning is being, or has been or had been in conjunction with the Type 7 aspect marker suffixes -pu' perfective or -ta' done, accomplished.

Some more examples:-

mu'mey choHlu'pu'bogh	The words which had been altered
lutmey ja'lu'pu'bogh	The stories which had been told
Dargh tlhutlhlu'bogh	The tea which is being drunk

On Friday, we'll see how these are used in Klingon sentences.

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Their: Possessive Suffix -chaj

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-chaj their

This is the suffix used to describe something as belonging to a group of people in the third person: their people, their belongings and so on.

nuHmey	weapons
nuHmeychaj	their weapons
DevwI'	leader
DevwI'chaj	their leader
qo'	world
qo'chaj	our world
bang	loved one
bangpu'chaj	their loved ones

Examples:

qatlh bangpu'chaj Danej	Why are you looking for their loved ones?
Heghpu'DI'DevwI'chaj QapHa'choH nabchaj	When their leader died, their plan fell apart
nobmeychaj DilajHa'nIS	We must reject their gifts

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His / Her / Its: Possessive Suffix -Daj

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-Daj his, her, its

This suffix describes objects, places, animals and body parts belonging to a third party: his, her and its. This can be used for persons capable of using language which belong to the third party.

nuH	weapons
nuHmeyDaj	his weapons
juH	home
juHDaj	her home
qo'	world
qo'Daj	its world
juHqo'	homeworld
juHqo'Daj	her homeworld
Saj	pet
SajmeyDaj	his pets
yIn	life
yInDaj	its life
yInHomDaj	its little life

Examples:

qatlh DujDaj DaHIv	Why are you attacking her ship?
lurDechDaj 'oH Dochvam'e'	This is his way
QapchoH nabDaj	His plan is coming together (beginning to work)
SajmeyDaj DaparHa' 'ej nIparHa' SajmeyDaj	You like his pets, and clearly his pets like you
qatlh qo'Daj DaSuch DaneH'a'	Why do you want to visit her world?

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Possessive Pronoun -ra': Your (plural, beings able to use language)

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-ra' yours (beings able to use language)

This suffix is only used to describe beings able to use language. It would be a grievous insult to use the -raj suffix on a person, particularly one of higher rank or someone otherwise important.

joHra'	your Lord
DevwI'ra'	your leader
qama'pu'ra'	your prisoners
jaghra'	your enemy
juppu'ra'	your friends
loDHompu'ra'	your sons
loDnI'ra'	Your brother
be'Hompu'ra'	your daughters
be'nI'pu'ra'	Your sisters

Examples:

DevwI'ra' ghoDor	Take me to your leader
tutmeymaj toStaH puqpu'ra'	Your children are climbing our columns
DoSvetlh HoH rIntaH Duyra'	Your agent killed that target
Dachqa'ba' gharwI'ra'	Your diplomat is obviously absent again

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Possessive Pronoun -raj: Your (Plural)

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-raj your (plural)

This suffix describes objects, places, animals and body parts belonging to the speaker and associates: our and ours. This suffix is never used to describe people or beings able to use language.

nuHmey	weapons
nuHmeyraj	your weapons
juH	home
juHraj	your home
qo'	world
qo'raj	your world
juHqo'	homeworld
juHqo'raj	your homeworld
juHqo'meyraj	your homeworlds
Saj	pet
Sajmeyraj	your pets
yIn	life
yInmeyraj	your lives
yInHommeyqoqraj	your little so-called lives

ramqu' yInHommeyqoqraj	Your little so-called lives are insignificant
lI'be' nuHmeyraj	Your weapons are useless
mIDmeyraj luQaw'qangbej	They are undoubtedly willing to destroy your colonies
belmeyraj vIbuS vIneHbe'	I do not want to think about your pleasures
DaH chapDu'raj tImuch	Now present the backs of your hands
chaq jaghpu' luSevmeH yapbe' mo'meyraj	Your cages may not be sufficient to contain the enemies
qo'meyraj Hoch DIcharghlaH	We can conquer all of your worlds

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Possessive Pronoun -ma': "Ours" for Beings Able To Use Language

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-ma' ours (beings able to use language)

This suffix is only used to describe beings able to use language. It would be a grievous insult to use the -maj suffix on a person, particularly one of higher rank or someone otherwise important.

joHma'	our Lord
DevwI'ma'	our leader
qama'pu'ma'	our prisoners
jaghma'	our enemy
juppu'ma'	our friends
loDHompu'ma'	our sons
loDnI'ma'	Our brother

Examples:-

DevwI'ma' DaQeHchoHlaw'	I think you've made our leader mad
juppu'ma' boQIHchugh cheQIH	If you wrong our friends, you wrong us

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Possessive Pronoun -maj: "Ours"

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-maj our

This suffix describes objects, places, animals and body parts belonging to the speaker and associates: our and ours. This suffix is never used to describe people or beings able to use language.

nuHmey	weapons
nuHmeymaj	our weapons
juH	home
juHmaj	our home
qo'	world
qo'maj	our world
juHqo'	homeworld
juHqo'maj	our homeworld
juHqo'meymaj	our homeworlds
Saj	pet
Sajmeymaj	our pets
yIn	life
yInmeymaj	our lives
yInmeyqoqmaj	our so-called lives

Examples:

qatlh Dujmaj DaHIv	Why are you attacking our ship?
lurDechmaj 'oH Dochvam'e'	This is our way
QapchoH nabmaj	Our plan is coming together (beginning to work)
Sajmeymaj DaparHa'chugh vaj Sojmaj DaparHa'qu'	If you like our pets, you will LOVE our food!
qatlh qo'maj DaSuch	Why are you visiting our world?

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"Your" and Beings Able To Use Language: The Suffix -lI'

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-lI' your (beings able to use language)

This suffix is only used to describe beings able to use language, which belong to the one person being spoken to. It would be a grievous insult to use the -lIj suffix on a person, particularly one of higher rank or someone otherwise important. There is a different suffix for someone that belongs to a group of people being spoken to - this will be covered in a later post.

Unlike -wI', there is no confusion when -lI' is used on a verb which has been turned into a noun with the -wI' verb suffix thing which does; doer.

DevwI'	leader
DevwI'lI'	your leader
vav	Father
vavlI'	your father
puqloD	son
puqloDlI'	your son
puqpu'	children
puqpu'lI'	your children

Examples of usage:-

valbej DevwI'lI'	Your leader is certainly smart
mura'DI' joHwI' vIlobnIS; Dura'DI' bItlhIb	When my Lord orders me, I obey; when he commands you, you are insubordinate
qatlh vavlI' DamuS	Why do you hate your father?
ghorgh SoSlI' HoHta' jaghvetlh	When did that enemy kill your mother?

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"Your" - the Possessive Pronoun -lIj

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-lIj your

This suffix describes objects, places, animals and body parts belonging to someone the speaker is talking to. This suffix is never used to describe people or beings able to use language. There is a different suffix for something that belongs to a group of people being spoken to - this will be covered in a later post.

nuH	weapon
nuHlIj	your weapon
juH	home
juHlIj	your home
qo'	world
qo'lIj	your world
juHqo'	homeworld
juHqo'lIj	your homeworld
qa'	spirit
qa'lIj	your spirit
mInDu'	eyes
mInDu'lIj	your eyes
Saj	pet
SajlIj	your pet
yIn	life
yInlIj	your life

Some examples of usage:-

qechlIj ruv vIlajlaHbe'	I cannot accept your idea of justice
Segh ruvqoqlIj voqlaH 'Iv	Who can accept your kind of so-called justice?
Dochvetlh ta'ta''a' SajlIj	Did your pet do that?
mInDu'lIj vIqIch	Damn your eyes!
HoSghaj qa'lIj	Your spirit is powerful
HoSqu' pIwlIj	Your odour is powerful
noSvaghlIj DachoHnISbej	You definitely need to change your deodorant
juHqo'lIj Quv 'oH De'vam'e'	These are the coordinates of your homeworld
qo'lIj vISaHbe' jay'	I don't give a damn for your world!
nollIj 'oH	It's your funeral
paqlIj DalaDqa''a'	Are you reading your book again?

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Captain, My Captain: Possessive Suffixes And Beings

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-wI' mine (beings able to use language)

This suffix is only used to describe beings able to use language. It would be a grievous insult to use the -wIj suffix on such a person, particularly one of higher rank or someone otherwise important.

How To Use -wI'

-wI' can be used in terms of direct address to someone, as well as referring to such people to third parties.

-wI' Versus -wI'

Of course, the fact that there are two types of -wI' suffixes - one a verb suffix for that which does, doer; one a possessive noun suffix - could cause a lot of confusion. Context, in this case, should make things clear.

Are there other suffixes attached to the word? If the other suffixes look like verb suffixes, particularly -moH, your word is likely to be a verb turned into a noun with the -wI' doer suffix. Is there a suffix like -vaD, -Daq or -mo' attached to the word? If so, the word is a noun with a possessive suffix.

lu', joHwI'	Yes, my Lord!
jatlh neH qama'wI'	My prisoner wishes to speak
bong jaghwI' vIHoHlaw' rIntaH	I may have accidentally killed my enemy
jupwI' vIlIH vIneH	I want to introduce you to my friend
loDHomwI' DaqIH	You are meeting my boy for the first time
nuHmey qengta' loDnI'wI'	My brother brought the weapons

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What's Mine Is Mine: Type 4 Noun Suffixes of Possession

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Possessive Pronouns

tlhIngan Hol Type 4 noun suffixes are describe as "Possession / Specification." You have already encountered the "specification" part - the suffixes -vam this and -vetlh that are both Type 4 suffixes - but the following suffixes, here and in the next few posts, are the "possession" part.

Klingon uses ten different possessive suffixes. This post just concentrates on the first of those suffixes - the suffix for mine:-

-wIj my, mine

This suffix describes objects, places, animals and body parts belonging to the speaker. This suffix is never used to describe people or beings able to use language.

nuH	weapon
nuHwIj	my weapon
juH	home
juHwIj	my home
qo'	world
qo'wIj	my world
juHqo'	homeworld
juHqo'wIj	my homeworld
qa'	spirit
qa'wIj	my spirit
mInDu'	eyes
mInDu'wIj	my eyes
Saj	pet
SajwIj	my pet
yIn	life
yInwIj	my life

Some examples of usage:-

juHqo'wIj 'oH qo'vam'e'	This is my homeworld
pongwIj 'oH Dochvetlh'e'. yIQopmoHQo'!	That's my name. Don't wear it out!
SojwIj yISopQo'	Don't eat my food!
cho'wIj'e' vIruchrup	I am ready to proceed with my succession
ro'wIj Dalegh'a'? chonepchugh, tugh ro'wIj DaHot!	Do you see my fist? You'll feel it soon, if you lie to me!
tInqu' SajmeywIj	My pets are very large
naDev bIH paqmeywIj'e'	Here are my books
qatlh lupDujHomwIj DaneH	Why do you want my shuttlecraft?
nuqDaq DujwIj Datlhap	Where are you taking my ship?
juHqo'wIj DaQaw'bejta'mo' ruv vIpoQ	Because you definitely destroyed my homeworld, I demand justice!

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So-called: Type 3 noun suffix -qoq

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-qoq so-called

Here's where Klingon language takes a turn for the positively ironic. -qoq expresses a measure of scorn on the noun being described; the speaker does not believe that the noun being described is what it appears to be.

DevwI'vam	This leader
DevwI'qoqvam	This so-called leader
nuH'a'	ultimate weapon
nuH'a'qoq	so-called ultimate weapon

Qapbe'law' nuH'a'qoqvam	This so-called ultimate weapon does not apparently work
veng Qaw'be'bej nuH'a'qoq	The so-called ultimate weapon definitely did not destroy the city
lI'be'chu' roj paQDI'norghqoq	The so-called teachings of peace are totally useless
mo'qoqvam vInarghbej	I shall definitely break out of this so-called cage
veS taghlaw'ta' mughwI'qoqvetlh	That so-called translator has apparently started a war
qI'lu'pa' rojmab rIn rojqoq	The so-called peace was over before the treaty was signed

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Definite Matters: Type 3 Noun Suffix -na'

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-na' definite

This suffix is used when you have no doubt about the noun you are describing.

DevwI'	leader
DevwI'na'	definite leader
Seng	trouble
Sengna'	definite trouble
Segh	type, sort, class
Seghna'	definite type / sort / class
mut	species/ New word - mut species
mutna'	species
nuH	weapon
nuHna'	definite weapon
HoS Hal	power source
HoS Halna'	definite power source

Some examples of usage:-

HoS Halna' yISam	Look for a definite power source/
naDev pIwna' tu'lu'	There is a definite odour hereabouts/
chavna' 'oH Dochvetlh'e'	That is a definite achievement/
taghlu'meH poHna' wIneH	We need a definite start time/

Definite versus Definitely

Similar to the discussion in the previous post concerning the use of -Hey and the verb suffix -law', similar consideration should be made when choosing whether to use the noun suffix -na', which only qualifies the noun it is attached to, or the verb suffix -bej definitely which qualifies the entire sentence.

nuH vIneHbej	I definitely need a weapon
nuHna' vIneH	I need a definite weapon
wIvbejta'	She definitely chose/
Dochvetlh 'oH wIvna''e'	That is a definite choice
Dochvetlh vIwIvbej	I definitely chose that

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